Summary

The chapter Glimpses of the Past traces India’s history during the British rule, highlighting the oppression faced by Indians, the societal reforms initiated by key figures, and the beginning of the fight for independence. It offers insights into how British policies and Indian unity—or the lack of it—shaped the country’s struggle for freedom.

The British Rule in India

The chapter begins in 1757 when the British East India Company gained control over India by capitalizing on superior arms, financial stability, and the disunity among Indian princes. The Indian rulers lacked foresight and were embroiled in conflicts with one another, often seeking British support to settle disputes. This allowed the British to employ their “Divide and Rule” policy effectively, which weakened Indian states.

Although many Indians supported British rule, some, like Tipu Sultan of Mysore, actively resisted. Tipu Sultan was a visionary leader who fought fiercely against British forces and ultimately died in 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.

Social Evils and Exploitation

During this period, Indian society was plagued by social evils like untouchability, Sati, child marriage, and rigid caste divisions. Religious and orthodox leaders perpetuated these practices, which further weakened the social fabric of India. The British took advantage of this, ridiculing Indians and imposing heavy taxes on farmers, forcing many to abandon their fields. Skilled workers and artists were also targeted—some even had their thumbs amputated to prevent them from competing with British industries.

The British imported tax-free manufactured goods from England, flooding the Indian market. This led to the decline of Indian industries, while the British prospered by exploiting the country’s resources.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Social Reform

From 1772 to 1833, Raja Ram Mohan Roy emerged as a prominent social reformer from Bengal. A learned man, he believed in the unity of all religions and founded the Brahmo Samaj to propagate this idea. He opposed practices like Sati, child marriage, polygamy, and the caste system, working tirelessly to reform Indian society.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was also deeply interested in science and modern knowledge. He started newspapers to educate people, but the British shut them down in 1823. Despite this, his efforts led to the abolition of Sati, marking a significant step toward social progress.

The British Suppression and Exploitation

By the early 19th century, British suppression of Indians intensified. In 1818, the Regulation III Act was passed, allowing Indians to be jailed without trial. This marked a period of severe oppression.

In 1829, British goods worth millions of rupees were exported to India, devastating Indian industries and enriching the British. The exploitation continued in 1835 when Lord Macaulay introduced English education in India. While this policy aimed to create clerks for British administration, it also gave rise to a new generation of intellectuals who understood the extent of British exploitation and began educating others about it.

The First Revolts

By 1856, the British had conquered almost all of India. Their policies, combined with widespread exploitation, sparked revolts. In 1855, the Santhals rose in rebellion, killing British officials and their allies.

In 1857, the Sepoy Mutiny began—a major revolt against British rule. Mangal Pandey played a key role, attacking the adjutant of his regiment, for which he was executed. The sepoys marched to Delhi, shouting slogans in support of Bahadur Shah Zafar. This marked the beginning of a nationwide movement, with people circulating chapatis and lotus flowers to spread messages of rebellion.

The Struggle for Independence

The freedom struggle gained momentum as several leaders joined the fight. Figures like Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow, Maulvi Ahmedulla of Faizabad, Tatya Tope, Azimullah Khan, Nana Saheb of the Maratha dynasty, and Kunwar Singh of Bihar became prominent in this war for independence. These early efforts laid the foundation for India’s long struggle to overthrow British rule.

Conclusion of Glimpses of the Past

The chapter teaches an important lesson about unity and determination. It shows how the sacrifices of brave freedom fighters helped India gain independence. Their organized efforts and unwavering courage are a source of inspiration, reminding us that collective action for a just cause can lead to success.